What technology characterizes second-generation computers?

Second-generation computers are primarily characterized by the use of transistors. These transistors replaced the earlier vacuum tubes that were used in first-generation computers, leading to significant advancements in technology. Transistors are smaller, more reliable, and more energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, allowing computers to be more compact and capable of processing information faster and more reliably.

The transition to transistors not only improved performance but also led to a reduction in heat generation and increased the overall lifespan of the hardware components. This shift marked a major milestone in computing, paving the way for more sophisticated machine designs and enhanced computational power.

Electromechanical components are associated with earlier computing generations, while microprocessors, which represent a later technological advancement, were not introduced until the third generation of computers. The use of vacuum tubes is specific to first-generation computers, making their association with second-generation technology inaccurate.